SharePoint 2010 does not support FIPS compliant algorithms.  Because of this, you will need to change the Local Security Policy; as well as change some registry settings.

Local Security Policy changes...
<p style="padding-left: 30px">Go to Start &gt; Control Panel &gt; Administrative tools &gt; Local Security Policy</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">Under the "Local Policies" heading, select "Security Options" and look for the entry, "System cryptography: Use FIPS compliant algorithms for encryption, hashing, and signing."</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">If entry this is enabled, disable it.</p>
Registry changes...

Change all of the following values to "0"
<p style="padding-left: 30px">HKLMSYSTEMControlSet001ControlLSAFipsAlgorithm</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">HKLMSYSTEMControlSet002ControlLSAFipsAlgorithm</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlLSAFipsAlgorithm</p>
After making these changes, you should be able to install and configure SharePoint 2010 successfully.